INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & DIGITAL BANKING MODULE B QUIZ 1

A foreign key references a candidate/primary key in another table (or sometimes the same table) and helps enforce referential integrity. It prevents a loan record from referring to a nonexistent customer when the constraint is properly enforced.

WHERE filters rows that meet a condition before grouping. HAVING filters groups after GROUP BY, often based on aggregate values. For example, WHERE status=‘ACTIVE‘ filters rows, while HAVING COUNT(*) > 5 filters groups.

Oracle Database is a relational database management system (with object-relational capabilities) used to store and manage structured data. It supports SQL and database features such as transactions, security, backup and recovery, depending on edition and configuration.

A Transaction Processing System (TPS) records and processes routine, day-to-day transactions. It supports operational activities such as deposits, withdrawals, payments and account updates, and often supplies transaction data to higher-level reporting systems.

A Management Information System (MIS) converts operational data into periodic, summarised reports for planning, monitoring and control by managers. The report helps compare actual performance with targets and identify exceptions.

A Decision Support System (DSS) combines data and analytical models to assist semi-structured decisions. What-if analysis allows a manager to vary assumptions and compare possible outcomes rather than merely viewing a fixed report.

An Executive Information System (EIS), often called an Executive Support System, presents high-level internal and external information in an accessible format for senior executives. Dashboards, trends and exception reporting support strategic monitoring.

A Group Decision Support System (GDSS) uses collaborative tools to help a group structure discussion, generate ideas, evaluate alternatives and reach decisions. Features such as anonymous input and electronic voting can reduce meeting and participation barriers.

Operational systems capture detailed transactions. MIS commonly aggregates or summarises that data for management, while DSS/EIS tools can use reports, models and broader information to support analysis and strategic decisions. Real architectures vary, but operational data are a common foundation.

A project scope statement defines the work and boundaries, major deliverables, exclusions and acceptance criteria. Clear scope provides a basis for scheduling, estimating, assigning responsibilities and managing change.

The critical path is the longest-duration path through the project network and determines the shortest possible project completion time. Activities on it have zero total float under the standard schedule model, so delays can delay the whole project unless the schedule is changed.

Project risk management involves identifying, assessing and responding to risks. For data migration, a practical response may include profiling and cleansing data, rehearsing conversion, reconciliation, rollback plans and clear go/no-go criteria.

A formal change-control process records the request, assesses impact on scope, cost, schedule, risk and benefits, and obtains approval from the appropriate authority before updating the baseline. This helps prevent uncontrolled scope creep.

CMM describes levels of process maturity and helps organisations assess and improve the repeatability, management and optimisation of their processes. It is a framework for process capability improvement, not a software programming language or project schedule.

In the classic five-level Software CMM, Level 3 is Defined: processes are documented, standardised and integrated into an organisation-wide standard process. Level 2 is Repeatable, Level 4 is Managed quantitatively, and Level 5 is Optimising.

Redundant power paths and components—such as appropriately designed UPS systems, generators and dual power feeds—reduce single points of failure. Redundancy must be designed, tested and maintained; it does not eliminate every outage risk.

Servers and networking equipment generate heat and are designed to operate within specified environmental ranges. Proper cooling and humidity management help reduce overheating, condensation, electrostatic discharge risks and hardware failures.

A DBMS defines, stores, retrieves and manages data while supporting controlled access, integrity, concurrency and recovery. It provides a managed layer between applications/users and the underlying database.

A relational database represents data in relations, commonly implemented as tables with rows (tuples) and columns (attributes). Keys and constraints define relationships and help maintain data integrity.

A primary key uniquely identifies each row in a table and must be unique and non-null. A table normally has one primary-key constraint, which may consist of one column or multiple columns (a composite key).